TAJIKISTAN
Geography: Ninety-three percent of Tajikistan's territory is mountainous, and the mountain glaciers are the source of its rivers. Tajikistan is an earthquake-prone area. The republic is bounded by China in the east, Afghanistan to the south, and Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the west and north. The central Asian republic also includes the Gorno-Badakh Shan Autonomous region. Tajikistan is slightly larger than the state of Illinois.
Government: Republic.
History: The Tajiks, whose language is nearly identical with Persian, were part of the ancient Persian Empire that was ruled by Darius I and later conquered by Alexander the Great (333 B.C.). In the 7th and 8th centuries, Arabs conquered the region and brought Islam. The Tajiks were successively ruled by Uzbeks and then Afghans until claimed by Russia in the 1860s. In 1924, Tajikistan was consolidated into a newly formed Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was administratively part of the Uzbek SSR until the Tajik ASSR gained full-fledged republic status in 1929.
Tajikistan declared its sovereignty in Aug. 1990. In 1991, the republic's Communist leadership supported the attempted coup against Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. Tajikistan joined with ten other former Soviet republics in the Commonwealth of Independent States on Dec. 21, 1991. A parliamentary republic was proclaimed and presidential rule abolished in Nov. 1992. After independence, Tajikistan experienced sporadic conflict as the Communist-dominated government struggled to combat an insurgency by Islamic and democratic opposition forces. Despite continued international efforts to end the civil war, periodic fighting continued. About 60,000 people lost their lives in Tajikistan's civil war. The conflict ended officially on June 27, 1997, with the signing in Moscow of peace accords between the government of President Imomali Rakhmonov and the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), a coalition of largely Islamic groups. Since then, however, peace has been tenuous, marred regularly by killing sprees by various opposition groups.
In 2005 parliamentary elections, the president's governing party received 80% of the votes; international monitors pronounced them irregular. President Rakhmonov won a third term in the Nov. 2006 elections, which were boycotted by opposition parties. Since he came to power ten years ago, he has shut down the country's independent media and jailed opposition leaders. His government has also been accused of numerous human rights abuses and corruption.
Map of
Tajikistan
President: Imomali Rakhmonov (1992)
Prime Minister: Akil Akilov
(1999)
Land area: 55,251 sq mi (143,100 sq km);
total area: 55,251 sq mi (143,100 sq km)
Population (2014 est.): 8,051,512 (growth
rate: 1.75%); birth rate: 24.99/1000; infant mortality rate: 35.03/1000;
life expectancy: 67.06; density per sq mi: 125.8
Capital and largest city (2014 est.):
Dushanbe, 778,500
Other large city (2014 est.):
Khujand, 584,400 (metro area)
Monetary
unit: somoni
Republic of Tajikistan
National
name: Jumhurii Tojikiston
Languages:
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in
government and business
Ethnicity/race:
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz
1.1%, other 2.6% (2000)
Religions:
Islam: Sunni 85%, Shiite 5%; other 10% (2003
est.)
Literacy rate: 99.7% (2011
est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP
(2013 est.): $19.2 billion; per capita $2,300. Real growth
rate: 7.4%. Inflation: 3.7%. Unemployment: 2.5%
official rate; actual unemployment is higher. Arable land: 5.96%.
Agriculture: cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle,
sheep, goats. Labor force: 2.209 million (2013); agriculture
46.5%, industry 10.7%, services 42.8% (2013 est.). Industries:
aluminum, cement, vegetable
oil.
Natural resources: hydropower, some petroleum, uranium,
mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold.
Exports: $1.163 billion (2013 est.): aluminum,
electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles. Imports:
$4.121 billion (2013 est.): petroleum products,
aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs. Major trading
partners: Turkey, Switzerland,
Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Ukraine, Lithuania, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan (2012).
Communications: Telephones: main lines in
use: 393,000 (2012); mobile cellular: 6.528 million (2012). Radio broadcast
stations: AM 4, FM 4, shortwave 2 (2010). Radios: 1.291
million (1991). Television broadcast stations: 19 (2010).
Televisions: 820,000 (1997). Internet Service Providers
(ISPs): 6,258 (2012). Internet users: 700,000 (2009).
Transportation: Railways: total: 680 km
(2008). Highways: total: 27,767 km (2000). Ports and
harbors: none. Airports: 24 (2013).
International disputes:
In 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the
revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue
with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan.
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